GWCS Documentation¶
GWCS is a package for managing the World Coordinate System (WCS) of astronomical data.
Introduction & Motivation for GWCS¶
The mapping from ‘pixel’ coordinates to corresponding ‘real-world’ coordinates (e.g. celestial coordinates, spectral wavelength) is crucial to relating astronomical data to the phenomena they describe. Images and other types of data often come encoded with information that describes this mapping – this is referred to as the ‘World Coordinate System’ or WCS. The term WCS is often used to refer specifically to the most widely used ‘FITS implementation of WCS’, but here unless specified WCS refers to the broader concept of relating pixel ⟷ world. (See the discussion in APE14 for more on this topic).
The FITS WCS standard, currently the most widely used method of encoding WCS in data, describes a set of required FITS header keywords and allowed values that describe how pixel ⟷ world transformations should be done. This current paradigm of encoding data with only instructions on how to relate pixel to world, separate from the transformation machinery itself, has several limitations:
Limited flexibility. WCS keywords and their values are rigidly defined so that the instructions are unambiguous. This places limitations on, for example, describing geometric distortion in images since only a handful of distortion models are defined in the FITS standard (and therefore can be encoded in FITS headers as WCS information).
Separation of data from transformation pipelines. The machinery that transforms pixel ⟷ world does not exist along side the data – there is merely a roadmap for how one would do the transformation. External packages and libraries (e.g wcslib, or its Python interface astropy.wcs) must be written to interpret the instructions and execute the transformation. These libraries don’t allow easy access to coordinate frames along the course of the full pixel to world transformation pipeline. Additionally, since these libraries can only interpret FITS WCS information, any custom ‘WCS’ definitions outside of FITS require the user to write their own transformation pipelines.
Incompatibility with varying file formats. New file formats that are becoming more widely used in place of FITS to store astronomical data, like the ASDF format, also require a method of encoding WCS information. FITS WCS and the accompanying libraries are adapted for FITS only. A more flexible interface would be agnostic to file type, as long as the necessary information is present.
The GWCS package and GWCS object is a generalized WCS
implementation that mitigates these limitations. The goal of the GWCS package is to provide a
flexible toolkit for expressing and evaluating transformations between pixel and world coordinates,
as well as intermediate frames along the course of this transformation.The GWCS object supports a
data model which includes the entire transformation pipeline from input pixel coordinates to
world coordinates (and vice versa). The basis of the GWCS object is astropy modeling.
Models that describe the pixel ⟷ world transformations can be chained, joined or combined with arithmetic operators
using the flexible framework of compound models in modeling. This approach allows for easy
access to intermediate frames. In the case of a celestial output frame coordinates provides further transformations between
standard celestial coordinate frames. Spectral output coordinates are instances of Quantity
and can be transformed to other units with the tools in that package. Time
coordinates are instances of Time
.
GWCS supports transforms initialized with Quantity
objects ensuring automatic unit conversion.
Pixel Conventions and Definitions¶
This API assumes that integer pixel values fall at the center of pixels (as
assumed in the FITS-WCS standard, see Section 2.1.4 of Greisen et al., 2002,
A&A 446, 747), while at the same
time matching the Python 0-index philosophy. That is, the first pixel is
considered pixel 0
, but pixel coordinates (0, 0)
are the center of
that pixel. Hence the first pixel spans pixel values -0.5
to 0.5
.
There are two main conventions for ordering pixel coordinates. In the context of
2-dimensional imaging data/arrays, one can either think of the pixel coordinates
as traditional Cartesian coordinates (which we call x
and y
here), which
are usually given with the horizontal coordinate (x
) first, and the vertical
coordinate (y
) second, meaning that pixel coordinates would be given as
(x, y)
. Alternatively, one can give the coordinates by first giving the row
in the data, then the column, i.e. (row, column)
. While the former is a more
common convention when e.g. plotting (think for example of the Matplotlib
scatter(x, y)
method), the latter is the convention used when accessing
values from e.g. Numpy arrays that represent images (image[row, column]
).
The GWCS object assumes Cartesian order (x, y)
, however the Common Interface for World Coordinate System - APE 14 accepts both conventions.
The order of the pixel coordinates ((x, y)
vs (row, column)
) in the Common API
depends on the method or property used, and this can normally be
determined from the property or method name. Properties and methods containing
pixel
assume (x, y)
ordering, while properties and methods containing
array
assume (row, column)
ordering.
Installation¶
gwcs requires:
To install from source:
git clone https://github.com/spacetelescope/gwcs.git
cd gwcs
python setup.py install
To install the latest release:
pip install gwcs
The latest release of GWCS is also available as part of astroconda.
Basic Structure of a GWCS Object¶
The key concept to be aware of is that a GWCS Object consists of a pipeline of steps; each step contains a transform (i.e., an Astropy model) that converts the input coordinates of the step to the output coordinates of the step. Furthermore, each step has an optional coordinate frame associated with the step. The coordinate frame represents the input coordinate frame, not the output coordinates. Most typically, the first step coordinate frame is the detector pixel coordinates (the default). Since no step has a coordinate frame for the output coordinates, it is necessary to append a step with no transform to the end of the pipeline to represent the output coordinate frame. For imaging, this frame typically references one of the Astropy standard Sky Coordinate Frames of Reference. The GWCS frames also serve to hold the units on the axes, the names of the axes and the physical type of the axis (e.g., wavelength).
Since it is often useful to obtain coordinates in an intermediate frame of reference, GWCS allows the pipeline to consist of more than one transform. For example, for spectrographs, it is useful to have access to coordinates in the slit plane, and in such a case, the first step would transform from the detector to the slit plane, and the second step from the slit plane to sky coordinates and a wavelength. Constructed this way, it is possible to extract from the GWCS the needed transforms between identified frames of reference.
The GWCS object can be saved to the ASDF format using the asdf package and validated using ASDF Standard
There are two ways to save the GWCS object to a files:
A step-by-step example of constructing an imaging GWCS object.¶
The following example shows how to construct a GWCS object that maps input pixel coordinates to sky coordinates. This example involves 4 sequential transformations:
Adjusting pixel coordinates such that the center of the array has (0, 0) value (typical of most WCS definitions, but any pixel may be the reference that is tied to the sky reference, even the (0, 0) pixel, or even pixels outside of the detector).
Scaling pixels such that the center pixel of the array has the expected angular scale. (I.e., applying the plate scale)
Projecting the resultant coordinates onto the sky using the tangent projection. If the field of view is small, the inaccuracies resulting leaving this out will be small; however, this is generally applied.
Transforming the center pixel to the appropriate celestial coordinate with the approprate orientation on the sky. For simplicity’s sake, we assume the detector array is already oriented with north up, and that the array has the appropriate parity as the sky coordinates.
The detector has a 1000 pixel by 1000 pixel array.
For simplicity, no units will be used, but instead will be implicit.
The following imports are generally useful:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from astropy.modeling import models
>>> from astropy import coordinates as coord
>>> from astropy import units as u
>>> from gwcs import wcs
>>> from gwcs import coordinate_frames as cf
In the following transformation definitions, angular units are in degrees by default.
>>> pixelshift = models.Shift(-500) & models.Shift(-500)
>>> pixelscale = models.Scale(0.1 / 3600.) & models.Scale(0.1 / 3600.) # 0.1 arcsec/pixel
>>> tangent_projection = models.Pix2Sky_TAN()
>>> celestial_rotation = models.RotateNative2Celestial(30., 45., 180.)
For the last transformation, the three arguments are, respectively:
Celestial longitude (i.e., RA) of the fiducial point (e.g., (0, 0) in the input spherical coordinates). In this case we put the detector center at 30 degrees (RA = 2 hours)
Celestial latitude (i.e., Dec) of the fiducial point. Here Dec = 45 degrees.
Longitude of celestial pole in input coordinate system. With north up, this always corresponds to a value of 180.
The more general case where the detector is not aligned with north, would have a rotation transform after the pixelshift and pixelscale transformations to align the detector coordinates with north up.
The net transformation from pixel coordinates to celestial coordinates then becomes:
>>> det2sky = pixelshift | pixelscale | tangent_projection | celestial_rotation
The remaining elements to defining the WCS are he input and output frames of reference. While the GWCS scheme allows intermediate frames of reference, this example doesn’t have any. The output frame is expressed with no associated transform
>>> detector_frame = cf.Frame2D(name="detector", axes_names=("x", "y"),
... unit=(u.pix, u.pix))
>>> sky_frame = cf.CelestialFrame(reference_frame=coord.ICRS(), name='icrs',
... unit=(u.deg, u.deg))
>>> wcsobj = wcs.WCS([(detector_frame, det2sky),
... (sky_frame, None)
... ])
>>> print(wcsobj)
From Transform
-------- ----------------
detector detector_to_sky
icrs None
To convert a pixel (x, y) = (1, 2) to sky coordinates, call the WCS object as a function:
>>> sky = wcsobj(1, 2)
>>> print(sky)
(29.980402161089177, 44.98616499109102)
The invert()
method evaluates the backward_transform()
if available, otherwise applies an iterative method to calculate the reverse coordinates.
>>> wcsobj.invert(*sky)
(0.9999999996185807, 1.999999999186798)
GWCS supports the common WCS interface which defines several methods to work with high level Astropy objects:
>>> sky_obj = wcsobj.pixel_to_world(1, 2)
>>> print(sky)
<SkyCoord (ICRS): (ra, dec) in deg
(29.98040216, 44.98616499)>
>>> wcsobj.world_to_pixel(sky_obj)
(0.9999999996185807, 1.999999999186798)
Save a WCS object as a pure ASDF file¶
>>> from asdf import AsdfFile
>>> tree = {"wcs": wcsobj}
>>> wcs_file = AsdfFile(tree)
>>> wcs_file.write_to("imaging_wcs.asdf")
Reading a WCS object from a file¶
ASDF is used to read a WCS object from a pure ASDF file or from an ASDF extension in a FITS file.
>>> import asdf
>>> asdf_file = asdf.open("imaging_wcs.asdf")
>>> wcsobj = asdf_file.tree['wcs']
Other Examples¶
Using gwcs
¶
See also¶
Reference/API¶
gwcs.wcs Module¶
Classes¶
|
Basic WCS class. |
|
Represents a |
|
An error class used to report non-convergence and/or divergence of numerical methods. |
Class Inheritance Diagram¶
gwcs.coordinate_frames Module¶
Defines coordinate frames and ties them to data axes.
Classes¶
|
A 2D coordinate frame. |
|
Celestial Frame Representation |
|
Represents Spectral Frame |
|
Represents one or more frames. |
|
Base class for Coordinate Frames. |
|
A coordinate frame for time axes. |
|
A coordinate frame for representing Stokes polarisation states. |
Class Inheritance Diagram¶
gwcs.wcstools Module¶
Functions¶
|
Create a WCS object from a fiducial point in a coordinate frame. |
|
Create a grid of input points from the WCS bounding_box. |
|
Given two matching sets of coordinates on detector and sky, compute the WCS. |
gwcs.selector Module¶
The classes in this module create discontinuous transforms.
The main class is RegionsSelector
. It maps inputs to transforms
and evaluates the transforms on the corresponding inputs.
Regions are well defined spaces in the same frame as the inputs.
Regions are assigned unique labels (int or str). The region
labels are used as a proxy between inputs and transforms.
An example is the location of IFU slices in the detector frame.
RegionsSelector
uses two structures:A mapping of inputs to labels - “label_mapper”
A mapping of labels to transforms - “transform_selector”
A “label_mapper” is also a transform, a subclass of astropy.modeling.Model
,
which returns the labels corresponding to the inputs.
An instance of a LabelMapper
class is passed to RegionsSelector
.
The labels are used by RegionsSelector
to match inputs to transforms.
Finally, RegionsSelector
evaluates the transforms on the corresponding inputs.
Label mappers and transforms take the same inputs as
RegionsSelector
. The inputs should be filtered appropriately using the inputs_mapping
argument which is ian instance of Mapping
.
The transforms in “transform_selector” should have the same number of inputs and outputs.
This is illustrated below using two regions, labeled 1 and 2
+-----------+
| +-+ |
| | | +-+ |
| |1| |2| |
| | | +-+ |
| +-+ |
+-----------+
+--------------+
| label mapper |
+--------------+
^ |
| V
----------| +-------+
| | label |
+--------+ +-------+
---> | inputs | |
+--------+ V
| +--------------------+
| | transform_selector |
| +--------------------+
V |
+-----------+ |
| transform |<-----------
+------------+
|
V
+---------+
| outputs |
+---------+
The base class _LabelMapper can be subclassed to create other label mappers.
Classes¶
|
Maps array locations to labels. |
|
Maps a number to a transform, which when evaluated returns a label. |
|
The structure this class uses maps a range of values to a transform. |
|
This model defines discontinuous transforms. |
|
Maps inputs to regions. |
Class Inheritance Diagram¶
gwcs.spectroscopy Module¶
Spectroscopy related models.
Classes¶
Solve the Grating Dispersion Law for the wavelength. |
|
|
Solve the 3D Grating Dispersion Law in Direction Cosine space for the refracted angle. |
|
Snell model in 3D form. |
|
Sellmeier equation for glass. |
|
Sellmeier equation used by Zemax. |
Class Inheritance Diagram¶
gwcs.geometry Module¶
Models for general analytical geometry transformations.
Classes¶
|
Transform a vector to direction cosines. |
|
Transform directional cosines to vector. |
|
Convert spherical coordinates on a unit sphere to cartesian coordinates. |
|
Convert cartesian coordinates to spherical coordinates on a unit sphere. |